In the Civil Rights Cases (1883), the Court invalidated a federal law that barred diversity by private actors. Prior to that case, blacks and snow-clads had dined in the same restaurants, stayed in the same hotels, and sat in the same fixs on cosmos transit, albeit in separate clusters. Afterwards, they would non do so once again for 75 years, at least in the South, where railroads, restaurants, hotels, school days, and other world accommodations were segregated by race. Southern whites even disenfranchised Afro-American voters in spite of the fifteenth amendment.
Southern whites enacted the laws in reply to the South's changing demographics. In rural atomic number 18as, wealthy white landowners exercised feudal-like defend over African-Americans even after the Civil War. But umpteen freed slaves soon left the farms and created large African-American communities in urban areas, providing a greater opportunity for social mixing. To prevent that, white elites created a much more stricter system of control. The South remained pull to white supremacy, only in a different guise. requisition had replaced slavery (White 24).
The federal government often aided this process. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld the precept of separate but equal, declaring that states had the power to require the "separation [of races] in places where they are liable to be brough
Terror and violence also underpinned Jim gasconade laws. (Jim Crow was a character in a minstrel show performed by whites during the nineteenth century.) Lynchings and beatings were commonplace, almost always without repercussions for the white offenders. During the late 19th century, an average of 150 African-Americans were lynched each year (White 26). The white legal age used violence as a tool against any black person who did not "stay in his place" (Tatum 25).
The South's unremitting hostility towards African-Americans prompted many to leave the region and go along to Northern cities. Those who migrated usually lived in urban ghettos, for a mutation of reasons.
Limited opportunities in education and business left them with few skills, and Northern racism, though not as virulent, still certified the places where African-Americans could live. Harlem was the most notable ghetto, though at first blacks thrived in that area of New York City. However, by the 1930s, the Depression and the sheer minute of migrants led to deteriorating conditions there and elsewhere (White 69-70).
Wicker, Tom. Tragic Failure: racial Integration in America.
In education, de jure segregation has been replaced by de facto segregation. Whites resisted integration in the courts and by moving to the suburbs, adding to the ghetto-ization of America's cities. Today, while African-Americans do bet school with whites in some communities, most attend school only with members of their own race or members of other nonage groups. A long litany of problems plague inner-city schools, so not surprisingly, the amply school dropout rate among African-Americans is three times higher than that of whites (Wicker 134). Schools not only are still separate, in urban areas, they are even more unequal than they were before Brown (Kozoll 4-5).
Today, Jim Crow laws have disappeared. No more "colored" signs adorning drinking fountains, sewer doors, train stations, or anywhere else for that mat
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