Hydraulics

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

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Question

What is the most obvious loss between pipe arise and
apply pass on guide?????????????
(in terms of flow rate conditions and energy situation)

Typical distribute lane shapes
Figure 14.1

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Types of open channel flows

Steady flow when eat (Q) does not change with clock.
like flow when depth of changeable does not change for a
selected length or piece of the channel

Uniform steady flow when conduct does not change with
time and depth remains constant for a selected section
- cross section should remain unchanged referred to as a
prismatic channel
Varied steady flow when depth changes but discharge
remains the same
(how can this witness?)
Varied unsteady flow when both depth and discharge change
along a channel length of interest.
Rapidly varying flow depth change is rapid
Gradually varying flow depth change is gradual

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Figure 14.3

department 1 apace varying flow
Section 2 gradually varying flow
Section 3 hydraulic jump
Section 4 weir and waterfall
Section 5 gradually varying
Section 6 hydraulic drop due(p) to change in channel slope

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hydraulic radius of open channel flow
A parameter that is used often
Ratio of flow cross sectional area (A) and wetted perimeter
(WP)

R = A/ WP
Hydraulic radius R for various channel shapes
Figure 14.



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Kinds (types) of open channel flow

Reynolds number for pipe flow

NR =

vD

?

Reynolds number for channel flow

NR =

vR

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For pipe flow
NR < 2000 laminar
NR > 4000 turbulent
For channel flow
NR < cholecalciferol laminar
NR > 2000 turbulent

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Another number for channel flow!
Froude Number [NF] (gravity versus inertial forces)

NF =

v
gyh

Where yh is referred to as the hydraulic depth and given as
yh = A/T
where A is the area and T is the top width of the channel
NF = 1.0 or when v = (gy)1/2 - critical flow
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